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Our focus of study is on digenetic trematodes such as Schistosoma mansoni and Echinostoma paraensei, and their interactions with their obligate molluscan hosts. The schistosomes remain as one of the most common infectious agents of humans: about 200 million people are infected with these debilitating worms. Children in tropical Africa bear the heaviest burden of schistosome infection. A better understanding of the biological interactions between schistosomes and other digeneans with their obligatory freshwater snail hosts will provide new insights into how to control such parasites. In addition, the digenean-snail system is one of great intrinsic interest, one that poses many fascinating basic biological questions.
Specific projects currently underway in the lab include: |
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RECENT PUBLICATIONS (2000-Present):
Adema, C.M., Sapp, K.K., Hertel, L.A., and Loker, E.S. 2000. Immunobiology of the relationship of echinostomes with snail intermediate hosts. Pp. 149-173 in Echinostomes as Experimental Models for Biological Research, edited by Thaddeus K. Graczyk and Bernard Fried. K. Kluvyer Press.
Adema C.M., Leonard P.M., DeJong R.J., Day H.L., Edwards D.J., Burgett G., Hertel L.A., and Loker E.S. 2000. Analysis of messages expressed by Echinostoma paraensei miracidia and sporocysts, obtained by random EST sequencing. Journal of Parasitology 86(1):60-65. Abstract
Hertel L.A., Stricker S.A. and Loker E.S. 2000. Calcium dynamics of hemocytes of the gastropod Biomphalaria glabrata: Effects of digenetic trematodes and selected bioactive compounds. Invertebrate Biology 119(1):27-37.
Snyder, S.D. and Loker, E.S. 2000. Evolutionary relationships among the Schistosomatidae (Platyhelminthes: Digenea) and an Asian origin for Schistosoma. Journal of Parasitology 86:283-288. Abstract
Barber, K.E., Mkoji, G.M. and Loker, E.S. 2000. PCR-RFLP analysis of the ITS2 region to identify Schistosoma heamtobium and S. bovis from Kenya. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 62:434-440.
Sapp, K.K. and Loker, E.S. 2000. A comparative study of mechanisms underlying digenean-snail specificity: in vitro interactions between hemocytes and digenean larvae. Journal of Parasitology 86:1020-1029. Abstract
Sapp, K.K. and Loker, E.S. 2000. Mechanisms underlying digenean-snail specificity: The role of host hemocytes. Journal of Parasitology 86:1012-1019. Abstract
Bandoni, S.M., Mulvey, M., and Loker, E.S. 2000. Population structure and taxonomic discrimination among three species of Biomphalaria Preston, 1910 (Gastropoda: Planorbidae) from Kenya. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 129:387-401.
Snyder, S. D., E. S. Loker, D. Johnston, and D. Rollinson. 2001. The Schistosomatidae: Advances in phylogenetics and genomics. Pp. 194-200 in Interrelationships of the Platyhelminthes, edited by D.T.J. Littlewood and R.A. Bray. Taylor and Francis, London.
Zhao, X., Duszynski, D.W. and Loker, E.S. 2001. A simple method of DNA extraction for Eimeria species. Journal of Microbiological Methods 44: 131-137. Abstract
Leonard, P.M., Adema, C.M., Zhang, S.M. and Loker, E.S. 2001. Structure of two FREP genes that combine IgSF and fibrinogen domains, with comments on diversity of the FREP gene family in the snail Biomphalaria glabrata. Gene 269: 155-165. Abstract
Loker, E.S. and Bayne, C.J. 2001. Molecular studies of the molluscan response to digenean infection. Pp. 209-222 in Phylogenetic Perspectives on the Vertebrate Immune Response, FASEB summer research conference, edited by G. Beck, M. Sugumaran and E. Cooper. K. Kluyver Press. Abstract
Maldonado, A., Loker, E.S., Morgan, J.A.T., Rey, L., and Lanfredi, R.M. 2001. Description of the adult worms of a new Brazilian isolate of Echinostoma paraensei, (Platyhelminthes: Digenea) from its natural vertebrate host Nectomys squamipes by light and scanning electron microscopy and molecular analysis. Parasitology Research 87(10):840-848. Abstract
Zhao, X., Duszynski, D.W., and Loker, E.S. 2001. Phylogenetic position of Eimeria antrozoi, a bat coccidium (Apicomplexa, Eimeriidae), and its relationship to morphologically similar Eimeria spp. from bats and rodents based on nuclear 18S and plastid 23S rRNA gene sequences. Journal of Parasitology 87(5):1120-1123. Abstract
Ataev, G.L., Dobrovolskij, A.A., Avanessian, A.V., and Loker, E.S. 2001. Germinal elements and their development in Echinostoma caproni and Echinostoma paraensei (Trematoda) miracidia. Journal of Parasitology 87(5):1160-1164. Abstract
DeJong, R.J., Morgan, J.A.T., Paraense, W.L., Pointier, J-P., Amarista, M., Ayeh-Kumi. P.F.K., Babiker, A., Barbosa, C.S., Bremond, P., Canese, A.P., de Souza, C.P., Dominguez, C., File, S., Gutierrez, A., Incani, R.N., Kawano, T., Kazibwe, F., Kpikpi, J., Lwambo, N.J.S., Mimpfoundi, R., Poda, J-N., Sene, M., Velasquez, L.E., Yong, M., Adema, C.M., Hofkin, B.V., Mkoji, G.M., and Loker, E.S. 2001. Evolutionary relationships and biogeography of Biomphalaria (Gastropoda: Planorbidae) with implications regarding its role as host of the human bloodfluke, Schistosoma mansoni. Molecular Biology and Evolution 18(12):2225-2239. Abstract
Morgan, J.A.T., DeJong, R.J., Mkoji, G.M., and Loker, E.S. 2001. Schistosoma mansoni and Biomphalaria: past history and future trends. Parasitology 123 Suppl:S211-228 Abstract
Zhang, S-M., Leonard, P.M., Adema, C.M., and Loker, E.S. 2001. Parasite responsive IgSF members in the snail Biomphalaria glabrata: Characterization of genes with tandemly arranged IgSF domains and a fibrinogen domain. Immunogenetics 53(8):684-694. Abstract
Morgan, J.A.T., DeJong, R.J., Jung, Y., Khallaayoune, K., Kock, S., Mkoji,G.M., and Loker, E.S. 2002. A phylogeny of planorbid snails, with implications for the evolution of Schistosoma parasites. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 25:477-488. Abstract
Hertel, L.A., Bayne, C.J., and Loker, E.S. 2002. The symbiont Capsaspora owczarzaki, nov. gen. nov. sp., isolated from three strains of the pulmonate snail Biomphalaria glabrata is related to members of the Mesomycetozoa. International Journal for Parasitology 32:1183-1191. Abstract
Pointier, J.P., Paraense, W.L., DeJong, R.D., Loker, E.S., Bargues, M.D., and Mas-Coma, S. 2002. A potential snail host of schistosomiasis in Bolivia: Biomphalaria amazonica Paraense, 1966. Memorias do Instituto Oswald Cruz 97:793-796. Abstract
Loker, E.S. and Nowak, T.S. 2003. Of genomes and parasitism. In Taxonomie, Ecologie et Evolution des Métazoaires Parasites. Taxonomy, ecology and evolution of metazoan parasites. (Livre hommage à Louis Euzet). Tome 2. Edited by C. Combes and J. Jourdane. PUP Perpignan: 59-32.
Zhang, S-M. and Loker, E.S. 2003. The FREP gene family in the snail Biomphalaria glabrata: Additional members, and evidence consistent with alternative splicing and FREP retrosequences. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 27:175-187. Abstract
Morgan, J.A.T., DeJong, R.J., Lwambo, N.J.S., Mungai, B.N., Mkoji,G.M., and Loker, E.S. 2003. First report of a natural hybrid between Schistosoma mansoni and S. rodhaini. Journal of Parasitology 89:416-418. Abstract
Morgan, J.A.T., DeJong, R.J., Kazibwe, F., Mkoji, G.M., and Loker, E.S. 2003. A newly identified lineage of Schistosoma. International Journal for Parasitology 33:977-985. Abstract
DeJong, R.J., Morgan, J.A.T., Wilson, W.D., Al-Jaser, M.H., Appleton C.C., Coulibaly G., Doenhoff, M.D., Haas, W., Idris, M.A., Magalhães L.A., Moné H., Mouahid G., Mubila L., Pointier, J.-P., Webster J.P., Zanotti-Magalhães, E.M., Paraense W.L., Mkoji G.M., and Loker, E.S. 2003. Phylogeography of Biomphalaria glabrata and B. pfeifferi, the two most important hosts of Schistosoma mansoni in the New and Old World tropics. Molecular Ecology 12:3041-3056. Abstract
Loker, E.S., Adema, C.M., Zhang, S.-M., and Kepler, T.B. 2004. Invertebrate immune systems—Not homogeneous, not simple, not well understood. Immunological Reviews 198:10-24. Abstract
Nowak, T.S., Woodards, A.C., Jung, Y., Adema, C.M., and Loker, E. S. 2004. Identification of transcripts generated during the response of resistant Biomphalaria glabrata to Schistosoma mansoni infection using suppression subtractive hybridization. Journal of Parasitology 90:1034-1041. Abstract
Hertel, L.A., Barbosa, C.S., Santos, R.A.A.L., and Loker, E.S. 2004. Molecular identification of symbionts from the pulmonate snail Biomphalaria glabrata in Brazil. Journal of Parasitology 90:759-763. Abstract
Zhang, S.-M., Adema, C.M., Kepler, T.B., and Loker, E.S. 2004. Diversification of Ig superfamily genes in an invertebrate. Science 305:251-254. Abstract
Zhang, S.-M. and Loker, E.S. 2004. Representation of an immune responsive gene family encoding fibrinogen-related proteins in the freshwater mollusc Biomphalaria glabrata, an intermediate host for Schistosoma mansoni. Gene 341:255-266. Abstract
Loker, E.S. and Mkoji, G.M. In press. Schistosomes and their snail hosts: The present and future of reconstructing their past. Chapter 1 in Schistosomiasis, edited by W. Evan Secor and Daniel G. Colley. World Class Parasites Series, Kluwer Press.
Hertel, L. A., Adema, C.M., and Loker, E. S. In press. Differential expression of FREP genes in two strains of Biomphalaria glabrata following exposure to the digenetic trematodes Schistosoma mansoni and Echinostoma paraensei. Developmental and Comparative Immunology.
Lotfy, W.M., DeJong, R.J., Black, B.S., and Loker, E.S. In press. Specific identification of Egyptian Biomphalaria species and possible hybrids using the polymerase chain reaction based on nuclear and mitochondrial loci. Molecular and Cellular Probes.
Nowak, T.S. and Loker, E.S. Echinostoma paraensei: Differential gene transcription in the sporocyst stage. Experimental Parasitology. In review.
Lotfy, W.M., DeJong, R.D., Kader, A.A., and Loker, E.S. Submitted. A molecular survey of Biomphalaria in Egypt: Is B. glabrata present? The American Journal of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.
Morgan, J.A.T., DeJong, R.J., Ansah, E., Barbosa, C.S., Brémond, P., Cesari, I.M., Charbonnel, N., Corrêa, L.R., Coulibaly, G., D’Andrea, P.S., File, S., Incani, R.N., Kamau, T., Karanja D.M.S., Kazibwe, F., Kpikpi, J., Lwambo, N.J.S., Makundi, A., Mubila, L., Muchemi, G., Pereira de Souza, C., Séne, M., Théron, A., Yousif, F., Mkoji. G.M., and Loker, E.S. 200X. A global view of phylogeography and colonization by Schistosoma mansoni. In revision.
DeJong, R.J., Morgan, J.A.T., Barbosa, C.S., Corrêa, L.R., D’Andrea, P.S., Magalhães L.A., Théron, A., Zanotti-Magalhães, E.M., Mkoji, G.M., and Loker, E.S. 200X. Microsatellite diversity of New World Schistosoma mansoni isolates, with an emphasis on isolates using unusual hosts. In preparation.