Coccidia (Eimeria and Isospora) of Serpentes

Compiled by
Donald W. Duszynski 1, Steve J. Upton 2, and Lee Couch 1

1 Department of Biology, University of New Mexico
2 Division of Biology, Kansas State University

Supported by NSF-PEET DEB 9521687

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Updated: 14 July 2008
Comments: eimeria@unm.edu (Duszynski), lcouch@unm.edu (Couch), or coccidia@ksu.edu (Upton)


Family: Boidae

Caryospora corallae Matuschka, 1984

  • Host: Corallus caninus (Emerald tree boa)
  • Reference: Matuschka, 1984.

    Caryospora epicrati Lainson, Paiva do Nascimento, and Shaw, 1991, emended Modry, 1998

  • Synonym: Caryospora epicratesi Lainson, Paiva do Nascimento and Shaw, 1991.
  • Host: Epicrates cenchria cenchria (Brazilian rainbow boa)
  • Reference: Lainson, Paiva do Nascimento, and Shaw, 1991; Modry, 1998.

    Eimeria boae Prasad, 1963

  • Host: Corallus caninus (Emerald tree boa)
  • Reference: Prasad 1963

    Eimeria pythonis Triffit, 1925

  • Host: Python sebae (African rock python)
  • Reference: Fantham and Porter 1950; Lehman 1972; Prasad 1963; Triffit 1925
  • Remarks: This appears to be a poultry coccidian ingested along with the meals

    Eimeria samyadeli (Iskander and Tadros, 1979) Daszak and Ball, 2001

  • Synonym: Eimeria samiae Iskander and Tadros, 1979 nomen preoccupied.
  • Host: Python reticulatus (Reticulated python)
  • Reference: Iskander and Tadros 1979; Daszak and Ball, 2001

    Tyzzeria boae Lainson and Paperna, 1994

  • Host: Boa constrictor (Common tree boa)
  • Reference: Lainson and Paperna, 1994.


    Family: Bolyeridae

    Caryospora durrelli Daszak, Ball, Streicker, and Jones, 2005

  • Host: Casarea dussumieri (Round Island boa)
  • Reference: Daszak et al., 2005; Daszak, 1995.


    Family: Colubridae

    Eimeria aesculapi Carini, 1933

  • Host: Erythrolamprus aesculapii (False coral snake)
  • References: Carini 1933, 1934

    Eimeria amphorae Telford, 1997

  • Host: Tantilla relicta (Florida crowned snake)
  • Reference: Telford 1997

    Eimeria annea Vetterling and Widmer, 1968, nomen nudum

  • Synonym: Eimeria bitis Fantham and Porter, 1954 of Vetterling and Widmer, 1968
  • Hosts: Opheodrys vernalis (Smooth green snake), Thamnophis sauritus (Eastern ribbon snake), Thamnophis sirtalis (Common garter snake)
  • References: Fantham and Porter 1954; Vetterling and Widmer 1968

    Eimeria arnoldoi Pinto and Maciel, 1929

  • Host: Dryophylax pallidus (Ophideo nao venenoso)
  • Reference: Pinto and Maciel 1929

    Eimeria arnyi Upton and Oppert, 1991

  • Host: Diadophis punctatus (Prairie ringneck snake)
  • References: McAllister et al. 1995; Upton and Oppert 1991

    Eimeria attenuata Wacha and Christansen, 1974

  • Hosts: Nerodia erythrogaster flavigaster (Yellow-belly water snake), Nerodia erythrogaster transversa (Blotched water snake), Nerodia fasciata confluens (Broad-banded water snake), Nerodia sipedon sipedon (Northern water snake), Thamnophis proximus proximus (Western ribbon snake), Thamnophis proximus rubrilineatus (Redstripe ribbon snake), Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis (Red-sided garter snake)
  • References: McAllister and Upton 1989; McAllister et al. 1995; Upton and McAllister 1990; Wacha and Christansen, 1972, 1974, 1975

    Eimeria coelopeltis (Galli-Valerio, 1926) Hoare, 1933

  • Synonym: Isospora coelopeltis Galli-Vallerio, 1926, lapsus
  • Host: Malpolon nonspessulana (Montipellier snake)
  • References: Galli-Vallerio 1926; Hoare 1933

    Eimeria collanuli Wacha and Christiansen, 1974

  • Host: Diadophis punctatus (Prairie ringneck snake)
  • Reference: Wacha and Christiansen 1974

    Eimeria conanti McAllister and Upton, 1989

  • Hosts: Nerodia cyclopion cyclopion (Green water snake), Nerodia erythrogaster flavigaster (Yellow-belly water snake), Nerodia erythrogaster transversa (Blotched water snake), Nerodia harteri harteri (Brazos water snake), Nerodia harteri paucimaculata (Concho water snake)
  • References: McAllister and Upton 1989; McAllister et al. 1990, 1995

    Eimeria cyclopion McAllister, Upton, and Trauth, 1990

  • Hosts: Nerodia cyclopion cyclopion (Green water snake), Nerodia erythrogaster flavigaster (Yellow-belly water snake), Nerodia fasciata confluens (Broad-banded water snake), Nerodia rhombifer rhombifer (Diamondback water snake)
  • Reference: McAllister et al. 1990

    Eimeria cystisfellae Debaisieux, 1914

  • Host: Natrix natrix (Sardinian grass snake)
  • References: Amrein 1951, 1952; Debaisieux 1914; Gueyenot et al. 1922; Phisalix 1921
  • Remarks: Amrein (1951, 1952) erroneously reported oocysts from some lizards as this species

    Eimeria desotoensis Upton, McAllister, and Trauth, 1992

  • Synonym: Eimeria sp. of Upton and McAllister, 1990
  • Host: Virginia striatula (Rough earth snake), Virginia valeriae elegans (Western earth snake)
  • Reference: McAllister et al. 1995; Upton and McAllister 1990; Upton et al. 1992a

    Eimeria dhamini Mandal and Mukherjee, 1977

  • Host: Ptyas mucosus (Dhamin)
  • Reference: Mandal and Mukherjee 1977

    Eimeria fibrilosa Mandal, 1976

  • Host: Enhydris enhydris (Schneider's water snake)
  • Reference: Mandal 1976

    Eimeria gupti (Ray and Das Gupta, 1936) Bhatia, 1938

  • Synonym: Eimeria cyclindrica of Ray and Das Gupta, 1936, nomen preocc.
  • Host: Natrix piscator (Checkered keel-back snake)
  • References: Bhatia 1938; Ray and Das Gupta 1936

    Eimeria helmisophis Wacha and Christiansen, 1974

  • Hosts: Carphophis amoenus helenae (Midwest worm snake), Carphophis amoenus vermis (Western worm snake)
  • References: McAllister and Upton 1989a; McAllister et al. 1995; Wacha and Christiansen 1974

    Eimeria hobartsmithi Upton, McAllister, and Trauth, 1992

  • Host: Virginia striatula (Rough earth snake), Virginia valeriae elegans (Western earth snake)
  • Reference: Upton et al. 1992a

    Eimeria hydrophis Wacha and Christiansen, 1974

  • Hosts: Nerodia erythrogaster flavigaster (Yellow-belly water snake), Nerodia erythrogaster transversa (Blotched water snake), Nerodia harteri harteri (Brazos water snake), Nerodia rhombifer rhombifer (Diamondback water snake), Nerodia sipedon pleuralis (Midland water snake), Nerodia sipedon sipedon (Northern water snake)
  • References: McAllister and Upton 1989a; McAllister et al. 1995; Wacha and Christiansen 1974

    Eimeria infirmus Upton and McAllister, 1988

  • Host: Nerodia rhombifer rhombifer (Diamondback water snake)
  • Reference: Upton and McAllister 1988
  • Remarks: This is most likely a fish coccidian ingested by the snake

    Eimeria iowaensis Wacha and Christiansen, 1974

  • Host: Nerodia fasciata confluens (Broad-banded water snake), Thamnophis elegans vagrans (Wandering garter snake), Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis (Red-sided garter snake)
  • References: McAllister et al. 1995; Wacha 1972; Wacha and Christiansen 1974, 1975

    Eimeria jaegeri Carini, 1933

  • Host: Liophis jaegeri (Cobra espada)
  • References: Carini 1933, 1934; Prasad 1963

    Eimeria kennicotti Upton, McAllister, Trauth, and Gage, 1995

  • Host: Diadophis punctatus arnyi (Prairie ringneck snake)
  • Reference: Upton et al. 1995

    Eimeria korros Van Peenen, Ryan, and McIntyre, 1967

  • Host: Ptyas korros (Indo-China rat snake)
  • Reference: Van Peenen et al. 1967

    Eimeria lampropeltis Anderson, Duszynski, and Marquardt, 1968

  • Host: Lampropeltis calligaster calligaster (Prairie kingsnake)
  • References: Anderson et al. 1968; Wacha and Christiansen 1974

    Eimeria leimadophi Lainson and Shaw, 1973

  • Host: Leimadophis poecilogyrus (Jararaquinhoe or Rainha snake)
  • Reference: Lainson and Shaw 1973

    Eimeria liophi Lainson and Shaw, 1973

  • Host: Liophis cobella (Banded tricolored snake)
  • Reference: Lainson and Shaw 1973

    Eimeria mikanii Carini, 1933

  • Host: Sibynomorphus mikanii (Culebrita)
  • References: Carini 1933, 1934

    Eimeria natricis Wacha and Christiansen, 1975

  • Host: Nerodia erythrogaster flavigaster (Yellow-belly water snake), Nerodia fasciata confluens (Broad-banded water snake), Nerodia sipedon pleuralis (Midland water snake), Nerodia sipedon sipedon (Northern water snake), Thamnophis proximus proximus (Western ribbon snake)
  • References: McAllister et al. 1995; Wacha and Christiansen 1975

    Eimeria (?) navillei (Harant and Cazal, 1934) Levine, 1984, nomen nudum

  • Synonym: Globidium navillei Harant and Cazal, 1934
  • Host: Natrix maura (Viperine snake)
  • References: Harant and Cazal 1934; Levine 1984
  • Remarks: This coccidian was described soley on endogenous stages

    Eimeria ondinae Carini, 1939

  • Host: Dryadophis bifossatus (Cazadora brown-lined snake)
  • Reference: Carini 1939

    Eimeria papillosum Upton and McAllister, 1990

  • Host: Salvadora grahamiae lineata (Texas patchnose snake)
  • Reference: Upton and McAllister 1990

    Eimeria persica (Phisalix, 1925) Levine and Becker, 1933

  • Synonym: Choleoeimeria persica (Phisalix, 1925) Paperna and Landsberg, 1989
  • Synonym: Coccidium persicum Phisalix, 1925
  • Host: Natrix natrix persa (Balkan grass snake)
  • References: Levine and Becker 1933; Paperna and Landsberg 1989; Phisalix 1925; Ovezmoukhammedov 1978, 1980

    Eimeria piscatori Ray and Das Gupta, 1936

  • Host: Natrix piscator (Checkered keel-back snake)
  • Reference: Ray and Das Gupta 1936

    Eimeria pleistocenensis Telford, 1997

  • Host: Tantilla relicta (Florida crowned snake)
  • Reference: Telford 1997

    Eimeria poecilogyri Carini, 1933

  • Host: Leimadophis poecilogyrus (Jararaquinha or Rainha snake)
  • References: Carini 1933, 1934; Lainson and Shaw 1973

    Eimeria ptyas Prasad, 1963

  • Host: Ptyas mucosus (Indian red-bellied snake)
  • Reference: Prasad 1963

    Eimeria rhombifera Upton and McAllister, 1988

  • Hosts: Nerodia cyclopion cyclopion (Green water snake), Nerodia rhombifer rhombifer (Diamondback water snake)
  • References: McAllister et al. 1990; Upton and McAllister 1988

    Eimeria septemvittata Upton, McAllister, and Trauth, 1991

  • Host: Regina septemvittata (Queen snake)
  • Reference: Upton et al. 1991

    Eimeria serpenticola Upton and McAllister, 1990

  • Host: Nerodia fasciata confluens (Broad-banded water snake), Nerodia sipedon pleuralis (Midland water snake), Thamnophis proximus proximus (Western ribbon snake), Thamnophis proximus rubrilineatus (Redstripe ribbon snake), Thamnophis marcianus marcianus (Checkered garter snake)
  • References: McAllister et al. 1995; Upton and McAllister 1990

    Eimeria sipedon Wacha and Christiansen, 1975

  • Hosts: Nerodia erythrogaster flavigaster (Yellow-belly water snake), Nerodia erythrogaster transversa (Blotched water snake), Nerodia fasciata confluens (Broad-banded water snake), Nerodia sipedon pleuralis (Midland water snake), Nerodia sipedon sipedon (Northern water snake)
  • References: McAllister and Upton 1989a; McAllister et al. 1995; Wacha and Christiansen 1975

    Eimeria sp. 1 of Brygoo, 1963

  • Host: Madagascarophis colubrinus (Madagascar cat-eye snake)
  • Reference: Brygoo 1963

    Eimeria sp. 2 of Brygoo, 1963

  • Host: Mimophis mahfalensis (Madagascar colubrid)
  • Reference: Brygoo 1963

    Eimeria sp. of Modry, 1998

  • Host: Coluber jugularis (European whip snake)
  • Reference: Modry 1998

    Eimeria sp. of Modry, 1998

  • Host: Elaphe vulpina (Fox snake)
  • Reference: Modry 1998

    Eimeria sp. of Modry, 1998

  • Host: Spalerosophis diadema (Royal diadem ratsnake)
  • Reference: Modry 1998

    Eimeria sp. of Phisalix, 1921

  • Synonym: Eimeria cystis felleae of Phisalix, 1921
  • Hosts: Natrix natrix persa (Balkan grass snake), Natrix tessellata (Dice snake)
  • Reference: Phisalix 1921

    Eimeria sp. 2 of Prasad, 1963

  • non Eimeria jaegeri Carini, 1932 of Prasad, 1963
  • Synonym: Eimeria haegeri of Prasad, 1963
  • Host: Liophis cobella (Banded tricolored snake)
  • Reference: Prasad 1963

    Eimeria sp. of Raiti, 1993

  • Host: Pituophis melanoleucus (Bullsnake)
  • Reference: Raiti 1993

    Eimeria sp. 1 of Rzepczyk, 1976

  • Host: Amphiesma mairii (Freshwater snake)
  • Reference: Rzepczyk 1976

    Eimeria sp. 2 of Rzepczyk, 1976

  • Host: Amphiesma mairii (Freshwater snake)
  • Reference: Rzepczyk 1976

    Eimeria sp. of McAllister and Upton, 1989

  • non Eimeria helmisophis Wacha and Christiansen, 1974
  • Synonym: Eimeria helmisophis-like coccidian of McAllister, Upton, Trauth, and Dixon, 1995
  • Host: Nerodia erythrogaster flavigaster (Yellow-belly water snake), Nerodia erythrogaster transversa (Blotched water snake), Nerodia harteri harteri (Brazos water snake), Nerodia sipedon pleuralis (Midland water snake)
  • References: McAllister and Upton 1989a; McAllister et al. 1995
  • Remarks: This coccidian is morphologically similar to Eimeria helmisophis, but slight differences do exist

    Eimeria spp. of Roudabush, 1937 and others

  • non Eimeria zamenis Phisalix, 1921
  • Hosts: Coluber constrictor flaviventris (Eastern yellow racer), Coluber constrictor contrictor (Northern black racer), Coluber constrictor priapus (Southern black racer), Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta (Black rat snake), Lampropeltis calligaster calligaster (Prairie kingsnake), Lampropeltis getulus holbrooki (Speckled kingsnake), Lampropeltis triangulum triangulum (Eastern milk snake), Masticophis flagellum flagellum (Eastern coachwhip), Masticophis flagellum testaceus (Western coachwhip)
  • References: Anderson et al. 1968; Conn and McAllister 1990; McAllister et al. 1995; Roudabush 1937; Upton and McAllister 1988; 1990; Wacha and Christiansen 1974
  • Remarks: It is likely that multiple morphologically similar species exist

    Eimeria sp. of Telford, 1997

  • Host: Tantilla relicta (Florida crowned snake)
  • Reference: Telford 1997

    Eimeria sp. of Van Peenen and Birdwell, 1968

  • Synonym: Isospsora sp. of Pellerldy, 1974, lapsus
  • Host: Lampropeltis getulus californiae (California king snake)
  • References: Pellerdy 1974; Van Peenen and Birdwell 1968

    Eimeria stolatae Ray and Das Gupta, 1938

  • Host: Natrix stolata (Buff-striped keel-back)
  • Reference: Ray and Das Gupta 1938

    Eimeria striatula Upton and McAllister, 1990

  • Host: Virginia striatula (Rough earth snake)
  • References: McAllister et al. 1995; Upton and McAllister 1990; Upton et al. 1992a

    Eimeria tenuis Upton and McAllister, 1988

  • Host: Nerodia erythrogaster flavigaster (Yellow-belly water snake), Nerodia rhombifer rhombifer (Diamondback water snake), Nerodia sipedon pleuralis (Midland water snake)
  • References: McAllister et al. 1995; Upton and McAllister 1988

    Eimeria tropidonoti Guyenot, Naville, and Ponse, 1922

  • Host: Natrix natrix (Sardinian grass snake)
  • Reference: Guyenot et al. 1922

    Eimeria zamenis Phisalix, 1921

  • Host: Coluber sp. (a racer)
  • Reference: Phisalix 1921

    Isospora colubris Matuschka, 1986

  • Host: Hierophis viridiflavus (Western whip snake)
  • Reference: Matuschka 1986

    Isospora natricis Yakimoff and Gousseff, 1935

  • Host: Natrix natrix (Sardinian grass snake)
  • Reference: Ruziev and Davronov 1984; Yakimoff and Gousseff 1935

    Isospora phisalixae Yakimoff and Gousseff, 1933

  • Synonym: Eimeria phisalixae Yakimoff and Gousseff, 1933, lapsus in Pellerdy, 1974
  • Host: Elaphe quatuorlineata (Four-lined ratsnake)
  • References: Pellerdy 1974; Yakimoff and Gousseff 1935

    Isospora sp. of Telford, 1997

  • Host: Tantilla relicta (Florida crowned snake)
  • Reference: Telford 1997
  • Remarks: This may be Isospora wilsoni

    Isospora wilsoni Upton, McAllister, Trauth, and Keith, 1992

  • Host: Tantilla gracilis (Flat-headed snake)
  • Reference: Upton et al. 1992b


    Family: Elapidae

    Eimeria demansiae Rzepczyk, 1976

  • Host: Demansia psammophis (Yellow-faced whipsnake)
  • Reference: Rzepczyk 1976

    Eimeria micruri Lainson and Shaw, 1973

  • Host: Micrurus filiformis (Thread-form coral snake)
  • Reference: Lainson and Shaw 1973

    Eimeria najae Ray and Das Gupta, 1936

  • Host: Naja naja (Indian cobra)
  • Reference: Ray and Das Gupta 1936


    Family: Typhlophidae

    Eimeria typhlopisi Ovezmukhammedov, 1968

  • Host: Typhlops vermicularis (Worm snake)
  • References: Ovezmukhammedov 1968, 1969, 1974

    Isospora sp. of Modry, 1998

  • Host: Typhlops vermicularis (Worm snake)
  • Reference: Modry 1998


    Family: Viperidae

    "Coccidium" of Bray, 1964

  • Host: Causus rhombeatus (Rhombic night adder)
  • Reference: Bray 1964

    Eimeria amarali Pinto, 1928

  • Host: Bothrops neuwiedii (Maximilan viper or Jararaca do Rabo Branco)
  • Reference: Pinto 1928

    Eimeria bitis Fantham, 1932

  • Host: Bitis arietans (Puff adder)
  • References: Akinboade and Dipeolu 1982; Fantham 1932; Fantham and Porter 1950, 1954; Paperna and Landsberg 1989; Upton et al. 1993

    Eimeria bothropis Lainson, 1968

  • Host: Bothrops atrox (Yellow-jawed tommigoff)
  • References: Lainson 1968; Lainson et al. 1986

    Eimeria cascabeli Vetterling and Widmer, 1968

  • Hosts: Crotalus viridis helleri (Southern pacific rattlesnake), Crotalus viridis viridis (Prairie rattlesnake)
  • Reference: Vetterling and Widmer 1968

    Eimeria cerastis (Chatton, 1912) Phisalix, 1921

  • Synonym: Coccidium cerastis Chatton, 1912
  • non Eimeria cerastis of Phisalix, 1921
  • Host: Cerastes cerastis (syn. Cerastes cornutus) (Horned viper)
  • References: Chatton 1912; Phisalix 1921; Vetterling and Widmer 1968

    Eimeria crotali Phisalix, 1919

  • Host: Bitis gabonica (Gaboon viper), Crotalus atrox (Westerm diamondback rattlesnake), Crotalus durissus terrificus (South American rattlesnake)
  • References: Modry 1998; Phisalix 1919a, 1919b
  • Remarks: It is likely multiple species of coccidia are being confused

    Eimeria crotalviridis Duszynski, Altenbach, Marchiondo, and Speer, 1977

  • Synonym: Eimeria sp. of Speer and Duszynski, 1974
  • Host: Crotalus viridis viridis (Prairie rattlesnake)
  • References: Duszynski et al. 1977; Speer and Duszynski 1974a, 1974b
  • Remarks: This appears to be a rodent coccidian

    Eimeria phisalixae Vetterling and Widmer, 1968

  • Synonym: Eimeria sp. of Phisalix, 1921
  • Host: Cerastes cerastes (Horned viper)
  • References: Chatton 1912; Phisalix 1921; Vetterling and Widmer 1968

    Eimeria sp. of Modry, 1998

  • Host: Macrovipera mauretanica(Moorish viper)
  • Reference: Modry 1998

    Eimeria sp. of Modry, 1998

  • Host: Vipera ammodytes (Long-nosed viper)
  • Reference: Modry 1998

    Isospora guersae Yakimoff and Matschoulsky, 1937

  • Host: Vipera lebetina (Levantine viper)
  • References: Yakimoff and Matschoulsky 1937, 1940

    Isospora neivai Pinto and Maciel, 1929

  • Host: Bothrops jararaca (Jararaca)
  • Reference: Pinto and Maciel, 1929

    The following coccidia were reported as Isospora spp., but are now known to belong to the genus Sarcocystis (see Upton et al. 1992)

    Family Boidae

    Sarcocystis sp. (Ovezmukhammedov, 1969) Upton, McAllister, Trauth and Bibb, 1992

  • Synonym: Isospora turkmenica Ovezmukhammedov, 1969
  • Host: Eryx miliaris (Turkmenian sand boa)
  • References: Ovezmukhammedov 1969a, 1969b, 1974; Upton et al. 1992b


    Family: Colubridae

      Sarcocystis sp. (Davronov, 1985) Upton, McAllister, Trauth and Bibb, 1992
    1. Synonym: Isospora guzarica Davronov, 1985
    2. Host: Coluber karelini (Karelin's snake)
    3. References: Davronov 1985; Upton et al. 1992b

      Sarcocystis sp. (Grassi, 1881) Upton, McAllister, Trauth and Bibb, 1992

    4. Synonym: Coccidium sp. of Grassi, 1881
    5. Synonym: Isospora sp. (Grassi, 1881) Hoare, 1933
    6. Host: Coronella austriaca (Smooth snake)
    7. References: Grassi 1881, 1883; Upton et al. 1992b

      Sarcocystis sp. (Hagenmuller, 1898) Upton, McAllister, Trauth and Bibb, 1992

    8. Synonym: Diplospora laverani Hagenmuller, 1898
    9. Synonym: Isospora laverani (Hagenmuller, 1898) Sergent, 1902
    10. Synonym: Isospora layerani of Prasad, 1963, lapsus
    11. Synonym: Lucetina laverani (Hagenmuller, 1898) Henry and Leblois, 1926
    12. Host: Malpolon monspessulanus (Montpellier snake)
    13. References: Hagenmuller 1898; Henry and Leblois 1926; Sergent 1902; Upton et al. 1992b

      Sarcocystis sp (Lainson and Shaw, 1973) Upton, McAllister, Trauth and Bibb, 1992

    14. Synonym: Isospora decipiens Lainson and Shaw, 1973
    15. Host: Philodryas olfersii (Cobra verde)
    16. References: Lainson and Shaw 1973; Upton et al. 1992b

      Sarcocystis sp (Matsubayashi, 1936) Upton, McAllister, Trauth and Bibb, 1992

    17. Synonym: Isospora sp. of Matsybayashi, 1936
    18. Host: Elaphe climacophora (Japanese ratsnake)
    19. References: Matsubayashi 1936, 1937; Upton et al. 1992b

      Sarcocystis sp. (Ray and Singh, 1948) Upton, McAllister, Trauth and Bibb, 1992

    20. Synonym: Isospora dirumpens of Ray and Singh, 1948
    21. Host: Amphiesma platyseps (Keelback)
    22. References: Ray and Singh 1948, 1949; Upton et al. 1992b

      Sarcocystis sp. 1 (Roudabush, 1937) Upton, McAllister, Trauth and Bibb, 1992

    23. Synonym: Isospora dirumpens var americana Roudabush, 1937, pro parte
    24. Synonym: Isospora roudabushi Pellerdy, 1974, pro parte
    25. Host: Coluber constrictor (Racer)
    26. References: Pellerdy 1974; Roudabush 1937; Upton et al. 1992b

      Sarcocystis sp. 2 (Roudabush, 1937) Upton, McAllister, Trauth and Bibb, 1992

    27. Synonym: Isospora dirumpens var americana Roudabush, 1937, pro parte
    28. Synonym: Isospora roudabushi Pellerdy, 1974, pro parte
    29. Host: Elaphe obsoleta (Rat snake)
    30. References: Pellerdy 1974; Roudabush 1937; Upton et al. 1992b

      Sarcocystis sp. 3 (Roudabush, 1937) Upton, McAllister, Trauth and Bibb, 1992

    31. Synonym: Isospora dirumpens var americana Roudabush, 1937, pro parte
    32. Host: Elaphe vulpina (Fox snake)
    33. References: Roudabush 1937; Upton et al. 1992b

      Sarcocystis sp. 4 (Roudabush, 1937) Upton, McAllister, Trauth and Bibb, 1992

    34. Synonym: Isospora dirumpens var americana Roudabush, 1937, pro parte
    35. Synonym: Isospora roudabushi Pellerdy, 1974, pro parte
    36. Host: Pituophis catenifer (Gopher snake)
    37. References: Pellerdy 1974; Roudabush 1937; Upton et al. 1992b

      Sarcocystis sp. (Van Peenen and Birdwell, 1968) Upton, McAllister, Trauth and Bibb, 1992

    38. Synonym: Isospora crotali of Van Peenen and Birdwell, 1968
    39. Host: Lampropeltis getuus (Common kingsnake)
    40. References: Upton et al. 1992b; Van Peenen and Birdwell 1968

      Sarcocystis sp. 2 (Wacha and Christiansen 1975) Upton, McAllister, Trauth and Bibb, 1992

    41. Synonym: Isospora sp. of Wacha and Christiansen, 1975
    42. Host: Arizona elegans (Glossy snake)
    43. References: Upton et al. 1992b; Wacha and Christiansen 1975

      Sarcocystis sp. 3 (Wacha and Christiansen 1975) Upton, McAllister, Trauth and Bibb, 1992

    44. Synonym: Isospora sp. of Wacha and Christiansen, 1975
    45. Host: Coluber constrictor (Racer)
    46. References: Upton et al. 1992b; Wacha and Christiansen 1975

      Sarcocystis sp. 4 (Wacha and Christiansen 1975) Upton, McAllister, Trauth and Bibb, 1992

    47. Synonym: Isospora sp. of Wacha and Christiansen, 1975
    48. Host: Pituophis melanoleucus (Pine snake)
    49. References: Upton et al. 1992b; Wacha and Christiansen 1975


      Family: Elapidae

      Sarcocystis sp. (Fantham, 1932) Upton, McAllister, Trauth and Bibb, 1992

    50. Synonym: Isospora naiae Fantham, 1932
    51. Host: Naja nivea (Cape cobra)
    52. References: Fantham 1932; Fantham and Porter 1954; Upton et al. 1992b

      Sarcocystis sp. (Mitra and Das Gupta, 1937) Upton, McAllister, Trauth and Bibb, 1992

    53. Synonym: Isospora minuta Mitra and Das Gupta, 1937
    54. Host: Naja naja (Asian cobra)
    55. References: Upton et al. 1992b


      Family: Viperidae (old world viperids)

      Sarcocystis sp. (Bovee, 1962) Upton, McAllister, Trauth and Bibb, 1992

    56. Synonym: Isospora crotali of Bovee, 1952
    57. Host: Crotalus adamanteus (Eastern diamondback rattlesnake)
    58. References: Bovee 1952; Upton et al. 1992

      Sarcocystis sp. (Fantham and Porter, 1954) Upton, McAllister, Trauth and Bibb, 1992

    59. Synonym: Isospora naiae of Fantham and Porter, 1954
    60. Host: Crotalus horridus (Timber rattlesnake)
    61. References: Fantham and Porter 1954; Upton et al. 1992b

      Sarcocystis sp. (Hoare, 1933) Upton, McAllister, Trauth and Bibb, 1992

    62. Synonym: Isospora dirumpens Hoare, 1933
    63. Host: Bitis arietans (Puff adder)
    64. References: Hoare 1933; Upton et al. 1992b

      Sarcocystis sp. (Leger, 1904) Upton, McAllister, Trauth and Bibb, 1992

    65. Synonym: Diplospora fragilis Leger, 1904
    66. Synonym: Isospora fragilis (Leger, 1904) Lavier, 1941
    67. Host: Vipera aspis (European asp)
    68. References: Lavier 1941; Leger 1904, 1911; Upton et al. 1992b

      Sarcocystis sp. (of Marcus, 1981) Upton, McAllister, Trauth and Bibb, 1992

    69. Synonym: "Coccidian" of Marcus, 1981
    70. Host: Crotalus sp. (a rattlesnake)
    71. References: Marcus 1981; Upton et al. 1992b

      Sarcocystis sp. (Ovezmukhammedov, 1968) Upton, McAllister, Trauth and Bibb, 1992

    72. Synonym: Isospora ashkhabadensis Ovezmukhammedov, 1968
    73. Host: Vipera lebetina (Blunt nosed viper)
    74. References: Ovezmukhammedov 1968b, 1969b, 1971, 1974; Upton et al. 1992b

      Sarcocystis sp. (Pinto, 1934) Upton, McAllister, Trauth and Bibb, 1992

    75. Synonym: Isospora lenti Pinto, 1934
    76. Host: Bothrops jararaca (Jararaca)
    77. References: Pinto 1934; Upton et al. 1992b

      Sarcocystis sp. (Prasad, 1963) Upton, McAllister, Trauth and Bibb, 1992

    78. Synonym: Isospora dirumpens of Prasad, 1963
    79. Synonym: Isospora dirumpens var. americana of Prasad, 1963
    80. Host: Vipera ammodytes (Sand viper)
    81. References: Prasad 1963; Upton et al. 1992b

      Sarcocystis sp. (Speer and Duszynski, 1974) Upton, McAllister, Trauth and Bibb, 1992

    82. Synonym: Isospora dirumpens of Speer and Duszynski, 1974
    83. Host: Crotalus viridis (Western rattlesnake)
    84. References: Speer and Duszynski 1974a, 1974b; Upton et al. 1992b

      Sarcocystis sp. (Triffit, 1925) Upton, McAllister, Trauth and Bibb, 1992

    85. Synonym: Cryptosporidium crotali Triffit, 1925
    86. Synonym: Isospora crotali (Triffit, 1925) Hoare, 1933
    87. Host: Crotalus viridis (Western rattlensake)
    88. References: Becker 1956; Hoare 1933; Triffit 1925; Upton et al. 1992b

      Sarcocystis sp. 1 (Wacha and Christiansen, 1975) Upton, McAllister, Trauth and Bibb, 1992

    89. Synonym: Isospora sp. Wacha and Christiansen, 1975
    90. Host: Agkistrodon contortrix (Copperhead)
    91. References: Lindsay et al. 1991; Wacha and Christiansen 1975; Upton et al. 1992b

      Sarcocystis sp. 5 (Wacha and Christiansen, 1975) Upton, McAllister, Trauth and Bibb, 1992

    92. Synonym: Isospora sp. Wacha and Christiansen, 1975
    93. Host: Sistrurus catenatus (Massasauga)
    94. Reference: Upton et al. 1992b; Wacha and Christiansen 1975


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