Reading Material

Belize:

Hartshorn, G.S., Nicolait, L.F., Bevier, G., Brighton, R., Cal, J., Cawich, W., Davidson, R., DuBois, C., Dyer, C., Hawley, W.D., Leonard, J., Nicolait, R., Weyer, D.,White, H.P. and Wright, A.C.S. 1984. Belize. Country environmental profile. A field study. R. Nicolait & Associates, Ltd., Belize City, Belize.

Glassman, P. 1994. Belize guide (6th ed.). Open Road Publishing, Passport Press, Cleveland Park Station, Washington D.C.

Grant, C.H. 1976. The Making of Modern Belize. Cambridge University Press.

Horwich, R. and Lyon, J. 1990. A Belizean Rainforest: The Community Baboon Sanctuary. Orang-utan Press, Gay Mills, WI.

Mallan, C. 1993. Belize handbook (2nd ed.). Moon Publications, Inc., Chico CA.

Norton, N. 1997. Belize. The Globe Pequot Press, Old Saybrook, CT.

Ritz, S. 1994. The new key to Belize. Ulysses Press, Berkeley CA.

Belizean Literature:

Ellis, Z. 1994. On Heroes, Lizards and Passion. Cubola Productions, Belize.

Ruiz Puga, D.N. 1994. Old Benque. Cubola Productions, Belize.

1995. Snap Shots of Belize (an anthology of short fiction). Cubola Productions, Belize.

Birds:

Howell, S. and S. Webb. 1995. The Birds of Mexico and Northern Central America. Oxford, OUP.

Peterson, R.T. and E.L. Chalif. 1973. Mexican Birds. Peterson Field Guide Series No. 20. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, MA.

Wood, D.S., Leberman, R.C. and Weyer, D. 1986. Checklist of the birds of Belize. Carnegie Museum of Natural History Special Publication No.12. Pittsburgh, PA.

Conservation:

Alm, A.L. 1992. U.S. retreat at the Earth Summit. Environmental Science & Technology 26: 1503.

Collins, M.N. 1990. The Last Rain Forest: A World Conservation Atlas. Oxford University Press, NY.

Dasmann, R.F. 1988. Biosphere reserves, buffers and boundaries. Bioscience 38: 487-489.

Lerner, S. 1992. Summit on the future. Audubon 94: 84-85.

Schonewald-Cox, C.M. 1988. Boundaries in the protection of Nature reserves. Bioscience 38: 480-486.

Corals:

Buddemeier, R.W. and D.G. Fautin. 1993. Coral bleaching as an adaptive mechanism. Bioscience 43: 320-326.

Delbeek, C.J. and J. Sprung. 1994. The reef aquarium: A comprehensive guide to the identification and care of tropical marine invertebrates. Ricordea Publishing, Coconut Grove, FL.

Falkowski, P.G., Dubinsky, Z., Muscatine, L. and L. McCloskey. 1993. Population control in symbiotic corals. Bioscience 43:     606-611.

Goenaga, C. 1991. The state of coral reefs in the wider Caribbean. Interciencia 16: 12-20.

Hughes, T.P. 1994. Catastrophes, phase shifts, and large-scale degradation of a Caribbean coral reef. Science 265: 1547-1551.

Humann, P. and N. Deloach. 1996. Reef Creature and Reef Coral Identification. New World Publications, Inc., Jacksonville, FL.

Stafford-Deitsch, J. 1993. Reef: A safari through the coral world. Sierra Club Books, San Francisco, CA.

Fish:

Greenberg, I. 1986. Guide to Corals & Fishes of Florida, the Bahamas and the Caribbean. Seahawk Press, Miami, FL.

Humann, P. and N. Deloach. 1996. Reef Fish Identification. New World Publications, Inc., Jacksonville, FL.

Randall, J.E. 1983. Caribbean Reef Fishes (2nd ed.). T.F.H. Publications, Inc., Ltd., Nepture City, NJ.

Stokes, F.J. 1980. Handguide to the Coral Reef Fishes of the Caribbean. Lippincott & Crowell Pub., NY.

Forests/Tropical Plants:

Honeychurch, P.N. 1986. Caribbean Wild Plants (2nd ed.) Macmillan Pub., Ltd., London.

McLeish, N., Pearce, N. Adams, B. and J. Briggs. 1995. Native Orchids of Belize. AA Balkema, Amsterdam.

Geology:

Bambach, R.K., Scotese, C.R. and A.M. Ziegler. 1980. Before Pangea: The geographies of the Paleozoic world. American Scientist 68: 26-38.

Dengo, G. and J.E. Case (eds.). 1990. The Geology of North America. Vol. H, The Caribbean Region. The Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO.

Invertebrates (except corals):

Carpenter, R.C. 1990. Mass mortality of Diadema antillarum. Marine Biology 104: 67-77.

Dance, S.P. 1992. Shells. Eyewitness Handbooks, Dorling Kindersley, Inc., NY.

Mammals:

Emmons, L. 1990. Neotropical Rainforest Mammals. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.

Mangroves:

Smith III, T.J., Robblee, M.B., Wanless, H.R. and T.W. Doyle. 1994. Mangroves, hurricanes, and lightning strikes. Bioscience 44: 256-262.

Tilmant, J.T., Curry, R.W., Jones, R., Szmant, A., Zieman, J.C., Flora, M., Robblee, M.B., Smith, D., Snow, R.W. and H. Wanless. 1994. Hurricane Andrew's effects on marine resources. Bioscience 44: 230-237.

Marine Biology:

George, D. and J. George. 1979. Marine Life: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Invertebrates in the Sea. John Wiley and Sons, NY.

Thurman, H.V. and H.H. Webber. 1984. Marine Biology. C.E. Merrill Publishing Co., Columbus, OH.

Reptiles:

Savidge, J.A. 1987. Extinction of an island forest avifauna by an introduced snake. Ecology 63: 660-668.

Sea Grasses:

Jackson, J.B.C. 1972. The ecology of the molluscs of Thalassia communities, Jamaica, West Indes. II. Molluscan population variability along an environmental stress gradient. Marine Biology 14: 304-337.

FORMAT FOR FINAL WRITTEN PAPER

Here are a few general instructions to help you with your final 5-page term paper.

General: Do not use any font <12 point. Double-space everything, and do not right-justify margins.

Page 1: Complete Title, your name, course, date (again, double-space everything).

Page 2-5:These pages include the body of your paper (double-spaced), but not your Literature Cited. Begin the body of your term paper at the top of page 2. Remember to document things you say that generally are not well-known. As a general rule of thumb, the best way to cite your sources is using the example illustrated here: "In the Americas, the evolution of mammals was greatly influenced by the rise of the Panamanian land bridge approximately 3.5 million years ago (MYA) (Anderson, 1994; Jones & Davis, 1988; Triver et al., 1990)." Note: If citing more than one reference for a particular statement you can do so either alphabetically, as I have done, or chronologically; whichever way you choose, be internally consistent throughout your paper. Another way to say the same sentence and give proper credit to your references might be: "Both Jones and Davis (1988) and Triver et al. (1990) make it clear that in the Americas, the evolution of mammals was greatly influenced by the rise of the Panamanian land bridge approximately 3.5 million years ago (MYA) (Anderson, 1994)." In this way, credit for the evolution statements is given to those who did that work and credit for the time frame of the rise of Panama is given to the person who made that statement.

Literature Cited: Note: I am asking for a Literature Cited, not for a bibliography or reference section. Thus, if the author(s)/date doesn't appear in the body of your paper, it doesn't go into the Literature Cited. Different kinds of references are cited in different ways to be considered complete. When you type this section in the final draft of your term paper, be sure everything is double-spaced and that the citations appear in alphabetical order by the last name of the first author (see below for examples). Do not separate books from journal articles in separate sections.  Try to follow these general examples:

Examples of how Books should be cited:

  Barry, T. & D. Preusch. 1986. Central America Fact Book. Grove Press, New York. p. 357. [Note: this makes reference to only page number 357, from which you may have taken a reference or a quote.].

  Mahler, R. & S. Wotkyns. 1993. Belize, A Natural Destination. John Muir Publications, Santa Fe, New Mexico. 310 p. [Note: this cites the total number of pages in the entire book--here you may have referred to this book in the body of your paper as a general reference guide, with no specific pages in mind.].

Examples of how Chapters in Books should be cited:

Givinish, T.J. 1984. Leaf and canopy adaptations in tropical forests. In, The Physiological Ecology of Plants in the Wet Tropics (E.  Medina, H.A. Mooney & T. Vazques-Yanes, eds.). D.W. Junk Pubs, The Netherlands. pp. 234-302.

Examples of how Journal (=primary literature) References should be cited:

            Carpenter, R.C. 1990. Mass mortality of Diadema antillarum. Marine Biology 104:67-77.

Ogdin, J.C., R.A. Brown & N. Salesky. 1973. Grazing by the echinoid Diadema antillarum Philippi: Formation of halos around West Indian patch reefs. Science 182:715-717.

Let your eye capture the details: Note that for books you need to include the publisher, the place of publication and either the total number of pages in that book, if you are referring to the book as a general reference work, or the specific page(s) in that book that you may be referring to or quoting. For chapters in books you need the author and title of the chapter as well as the book in which that chapter appears and its complete title, the editors of the book, the publisher, the place it was published, and the inclusive pages of the chapter you are referencing. For journals you need to write out the title of the article exactly as it appears in the original article, the complete name of the journal (i.e., no abbreviations, such as Mar. Bio.), the volume, and the number of pages of that article. Finally, also note that in the scientific literature, only the first and middle initials of authors are used--even if written out in the book, book chapter or journal article, only the initials of all authors are used in the Literature Cited section of your paper.

Old Polish motto: If all else fails, follow directions. Good luck!!